##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

The journey of copyright protection that started with the printing press in the 16th century entered a new era of challenges with the technological advancement of the 21st century. Copyright has rights and enforcement that are grounded in legislative enactments. This paper advocates that A. I.-produced work is original and deserves copyright protection. Artificial Intelligence (A. I.) has emerged as a powerful technology that has enabled the creation and assimilation of new and unique authorship. The amount of work that A. I. is producing in the fields of science, medicine, art, law, and literature is increasing dramatically. This paper addresses the question of why A. I. generated work deserves copyright protection and how it correlates with its ownership. A comparative analysis of the existing copyright laws in various jurisdictions is examined. A rundown of current challenges of digital copyright and future developments are discussed. The paper presents the idea of legal personhood and how it correlates with copyright work ownership. Five traditional ownership options are compared and considered. A hybrid ownership model that gives legal personality to the artificial intelligence (AI) system, its programmer, user, and the company under the umbrella of a legal entity like artificial personality (AiLE) is proposed. In most jurisdictions, legislative changes are required to address and provide a new foundation for copyright protection and ownership of AI. -produced original work. Hence, the need to address the current challenges of digital copyright and its rightful owner is essential in unleashing the true potential and further development of A. I.

References

  1. Spelman K, Herrmann SV. Estate planning and copyright. Landslide. 2013 Feb;5(3):43–44.
     Google Scholar
  2. Craig C. Copyright Law [Lectures]. Toronto: York University, Osgoode Hall Law School; 2021 May.
     Google Scholar
  3. Sookman B, Mason S, Craig C. Copyright: cases and commentary on the Canadian and International Law. 2nd ed. Toronto, ON: Carswell; 2013.
     Google Scholar
  4. Geller PE. Copyright history and the future: what’s culture got to do with it. J Copyright Soc’y USA. 2000; 47:215.
     Google Scholar
  5. Goebel L. The role of history in copyright dilemmas. JL & Inf Sci.1998;9(1):22–230.
     Google Scholar
  6. Harris LE. Canadian Copyright Law, 4th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.; 2014.
     Google Scholar
  7. Hutchison C. Digital Copyright Law. Toronto, ON: Irwin Law; 2016.
     Google Scholar
  8. Brynjolfsson E, McAfee A. The business of artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence HBRP. 2017 Jul 18;3(28).
     Google Scholar
  9. Paquette L. Artificial life imitating art imitating life: copyright ownership in ai-generated works. Intellectual Property Journal. 2021; 33(2):183.
     Google Scholar
  10. Aina V. Copyright law, and artificial intelligence: a critique of the emerging legal framework in Nigeria. Mauritius: Lambert; 2020.
     Google Scholar
  11. Heath GC. Patents and ai inventions. In Intellectual Property Law and the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Christopher Health et al, Wolters Kluwer Law International: 2020.
     Google Scholar
  12. MacQueen H et al. Contemporary intellectual property: law and policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008.
     Google Scholar
  13. Deazley R. Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing; 2006.
     Google Scholar
  14. Copyright Act,1985, c. C-42, Section 3(1).
     Google Scholar
  15. University of London Press v. University Tutorial Press Ltd., [1916] 2 Ch. 601 (Eng. Ch. Div.).
     Google Scholar
  16. Walter v. Lane [1900] AC 539 (HL).
     Google Scholar
  17. Teledirect Inc. v. American Business Information Inc. (1997, FCA); CCH v. LSUC (1999, FCTD).
     Google Scholar
  18. Butler. Robots with Rights & Ethical self-regulation, The Laws of Digital Data, Content and Artificial Intelligence [Lecture]. England: The University of Law; 2020. Available from www.futurelearn.com/courses/the-laws-of-digital-data-content-and-artificial-intelligence.
     Google Scholar
  19. Turner J. Robot Rules: Regulating Artificial Intelligence. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan; 2019.
     Google Scholar
  20. Lateef Z. Types of Artificial Intelligence/A. I. Explained [Lecture] YouTube: Edureka, Available from .
     Google Scholar
  21. Garvey C. Broken promises & empty threats: the evolution of AI in the USA, 1956-1996. Technology’s Stories. 2018; 6(1). Available from DOI: 10.15763/jou.ts.2018.03.16.02.
     Google Scholar
  22. Mueller JP, Massaron L. Artificial intelligence for dummies. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.; 2018.
     Google Scholar
  23. Palace VM. What if artificial intelligence wrote this: artificial intelligence and copyright law. Fla L Rev. 2019; 71(1):218.
     Google Scholar
  24. Metz C. Google’s alpha go continues dominance with second win in China. Wired Business. 2017 May 25.
     Google Scholar
  25. Metz C. How AI is creating building blocks to reshape music and art. N.Y. TIMES. 2017 Aug 14.
     Google Scholar
  26. Podolny S. If an algorithm wrote this, how would you even know? N.Y. TIMES. 2015 May 25; Opinions.
     Google Scholar
  27. Aziz A. Artificial intelligence & legal personality: a case of legal personality for artificial intelligence, Proceedings of Academics World International Conference, 2021 Dec 6–7; Istanbul, Turkey. Available from DOIONLINE: AW.06122021.12411.
     Google Scholar
  28. CCH Canadian Ltd. v. Law Society of Upper Canada, [2004] 1 S.C.R. 339 (S.C.C.).
     Google Scholar
  29. Bracha O. The ideology of authorship revisited: authors, markets, and liberal values in early American copyright. Yale LJ. 2008; 118(186):267.
     Google Scholar
  30. Al-Sharieh S. The intellectual property road to the knowledge economy: remarks on the readiness of the UAE Copyright Act to drive AI innovation. Law, Innovation and Technology 2021; 13(1): 146.
     Google Scholar
  31. A. Reggia. The rise of machine consciousness: studying consciousness with computational models. Neural Networks. 2013; 44:114.
     Google Scholar
  32. Hristov K. Artificial intelligence and the copyright dilemma. J. Franklin Pierce Ctr. Intell. Prop. 2017; 57:444.
     Google Scholar
  33. Vaver D. Intellectual Property Law: Copyright, Patents, Trade-Marks , 2nd ed. Toronto: Irwin Law; 2011.
     Google Scholar
  34. Urantia Foundation v. Maaherra, No. 95-17093 (9th Cir. 1997).
     Google Scholar
  35. Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices. 3rd ed. US: United States Copyright Office; 2017: s.313.2.
     Google Scholar
  36. Abbott R. I think therefore I invent creative computers and the future of patent law. 57 B.C. L. REV. 2016; 57(1079):1094–1095.
     Google Scholar
  37. Millar v. Taylor (1769), 4 Burr. 2303, 98 E.R. 201.
     Google Scholar
  38. Brown RD. Property ownership and the legal personhood of artificial intelligence. Information & Communications Technology Law. 2021; 30(2):223.
     Google Scholar
  39. Shabbir J. Answer T, Artificial Intelligence and its Role in Near Future. Journal of Latex Class Files, 2015;14(8).
     Google Scholar
  40. Harris LE. Canadian Copyright Law. 4th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.; 2014.
     Google Scholar